IMPERMANENCE

 

Pic Taken at Pashupati Arya Ghat, Kathmandu, Nepal.

“Up to the doorway, kin will walk with you.

Up to the street, your wife will stand beside you.

Up to the graveyard, children will follow in tears.

But at the final step, who is left with you?

 

Dance as long as you can dance,

Speak as long as words will carry.

Gather wealth, gather friends,

But none will travel past the fire.

 

For the cradle, there is the mother’s care,

For the bed, there is the maiden’s love.

For hunger, there is food,

For sorrow, there is wisdom.

 

Ask the one who has left this world,

He will call you to follow.

Ask the one who has just arrived,

He will beg you to stay.

 

The body will fall, the soul will slip away,

The flame will rise, ashes will scatter,

And what remains?

Only silence,

Teaching us what endures, nothing but truth.”

(Translated from Kavignar Kannadasan’s Veedu Varai Uravu-1962)

 

Kannadasan’s “Veedu Varai Uruvu” is not just a song, it is a mirror held up to life’s impermanence. Written for the film Paadha Kaanikkai, the lyric glimmers with the wisdom of Advaita Vedanta philosophy, echoing the truths of detachment and mortality that have shaped centuries of thought. What lends the song its quiet power is its unflinching honesty, family, friends, wealth, and possessions accompany us only so far, and no further. They walk beside us to the doorstep, to the street, perhaps even to the cremation ground but when the final threshold is reached, we are left alone. This stark recognition punctures the illusions we wrap ourselves in, the illusions that relationships and riches can shield us from the inevitable.

Yet Kannadasan, in his genius, does not plunge the listener into despair. Instead, he offers a wider lens. He speaks of the cycles of existence, birth, nurture, desire, and finally, the wisdom that mortality affords. The song is not a lament but a call, to live clearly, to live wisely, and to remember that truth alone outlasts the pageant of life. In this way, impermanence becomes not a shadow, but a lantern.

The resonance of these words was felt with chilling force during the COVID-19 pandemic. Suddenly, mortality was no longer an abstraction reserved for philosophy or poetry. It was intimate, palpable, threaded through the air we breathe. Streets fell silent, hospitals overflowed, and the news became a litany of loss. For a fleeting moment, humanity seemed awakened to impermanence. We saw, perhaps more starkly than ever before, how fragile life is, how thin the veil of certainty really was. And yet, as swiftly as this awareness descended, it evaporated. Like morning dew dissolving under the sun, the clarity faded. Greed returned, ego reclaimed its throne, and the world rushed back into the arms of acquisition and pride, as though nothing had been learned.

The larger world tells the same story, only on a grander stage. A World Bank study now lists 39 fragile and conflict-affected countries that have been driven into deeper turmoil since 2020, where it is witnessing economies collapsing, violence rising, humanitarian crises swelling. The Peace Research Institute (Oslo) reports that battlefield deaths have reached a 30 year high, spurred by wars that escalated or reignited in the wake of the pandemic. What could have been a moment of global reckoning instead became  a return to old appetites, power, possession, and domination.

Into this fragile landscape, step leaders who amplify denial rather than humility. When Donald Trump declares that climate change is a hoax, or sneers that Europe is “going to hell,” it is not simply bluster, it is the voice of a culture unwilling to confront impermanence. His words echo the very pride and carelessness Kannadasan warned against, and the fact that such rhetoric carries weight in the world’s largest economy speaks to the perilous path humanity treads.

And still, even with more international institutions than at any point in history, bodies designed to safeguard peace, health, and justice, the world remains more fragmented than ever. These institutions, too, fall prey to self-interest, each absorbed in its own orbit, each chasing narrow agendas. The irony is striking. Humanity has never had more mechanisms for unity, yet it has rarely felt more divided.

Can it be otherwise? Perhaps. But only if we allow impermanence to be more than an idea. If we see it not as a gloomy shadow but as the absolute truth on which all else rests. To live with this awareness is to strip life of its vanities, to loosen the grip of greed and ego, to seek instead what endures beyond death’s boundary: compassion, wisdom, and clarity.

Kannadasan’s lyrics, in its gentle cadence, whispers what our times demand in a thunderous voice, all that we cling to will dissolve, but in embracing this truth, we may finally learn how to live. Like a river returning to the sea, our journey is not one of loss but of return, of flowing back to the source from which we came, carrying nothing but the wisdom of having passed through the world with open eyes.

What we may lose is borrowed time, but instead we will gain the clarity of return.

Cheers.

 

ravivarmman@1304260920253.0567° N, 101.5851° E

Cheap Migrant Labour or Structural Malaise? Rethinking U.S. Policy on Work Visas and Sustainable Employment

 

Pic from my Refrigerator Magnet

In recent years, the US administration has voiced increasing concern that foreign workers are undercutting American employees, particularly in high-skilled sectors such as information technology. Policymakers argue that this influx of international talent not only threatens job security for American graduates but also constitutes a broader economic and national security risk. The statistics appear to support these anxieties, for example H-1B visa allocations in the IT sector rose from 32% in 2003 to over 65% by 2024, while unemployment among U.S. IT graduates has climbed to 7.5%, a rate higher than most other fields of study. Between 2000 and 2019, the number of foreign STEM workers in the United States more than doubled, even though overall STEM employment only grew by 44.5% during that period.

These figures, coupled with reports of American IT workers being compelled to train their foreign replacements under nondisclosure agreements, suggest to many observers a systemic effort by U.S. companies to replace domestic employees with cheaper foreign labour. Critics warn that such practices may discourage young Americans from pursuing careers in STEM fields, thereby creating vulnerabilities in national security, as critical data and digital infrastructure could increasingly come under the management of non US nationals.

Yet while the fear is understandable, focusing exclusively on “cheap migrant labour” misidentifies the root of the problem. What is framed as a labour market distortion caused by immigration is, in reality, a symptom of deeper structural choices within American capitalism. The more fundamental challenge is the reluctance of employers to internalize the true costs of production, whether through paying wages that reflect U.S. living standards or through consumers, especially the affluent, accepting higher prices for domestically produced goods and services. So long as this underlying dynamic persists, reliance on foreign labour will remain attractive to firms, regardless of how restrictive immigration policy becomes.

Symptom versus Disease

The rhetoric around “cheap migrant labour” is politically potent because it offers a visible, tangible culprit. But the displacement of US workers is not driven solely by immigration policy. It is driven by the structural incentive of capital to minimize costs in pursuit of shareholder value. Employers resist paying wages that align with the dignity of American living standards, while consumers, particularly in higher income brackets, refuse to absorb the higher prices that would make domestically produced goods and services viable. The result is a systemic reliance on cheaper labour, whether sourced abroad or imported through visa programs.

To confuse this symptom with the disease is to risk designing policies that address appearances rather than causes. Attempts to restrict visas or penalize companies for hiring foreign workers may yield short-term political wins, but they fail to alter the structural drivers that make outsourcing or migrant labour economically rational in the first place.

The Risks of Protectionist Policy

This blind spot is evident in the recent policy statement under the Trump administration to impose a $100,000 fee on each work visa issued to foreign employees. The intent is clear, to create financial disincentives for companies reliant on international labour and to redirect opportunities toward American workers. But the likely outcomes are more ambiguous.

In the immediate term, such fees will significantly increase operating costs for firms, particularly in high skilled industries such as technology, healthcare, and engineering. Companies will respond by reconfiguring their hiring practices, accelerating automation, or shifting investment abroad. Over the medium term, some businesses may adjust and rebalance their labour strategies, but it remains uncertain whether the policy will meaningfully reduce unemployment among US graduates. Structural challenges such as skill mismatches, global competition for talent, and the rise of automation complicate the assumption that jobs freed from foreign workers will seamlessly flow to American citizens.

Ironically, by making the US less attractive to global talent, protectionist measures risk pushing innovative firms to relocate overseas, hastening the very decline they were designed to prevent. In the pursuit of an “America for Americans,” the administration may inadvertently create an America less competitive on the world stage.

The Need for a Paradigm Shift

If the aim is truly to revitalize opportunities for American workers, the solution cannot rest on piecemeal fixes or punitive immigration policies. Instead, it demands a broader reorientation of the socioeconomic system. At its core, the problem lies in how labour is valued within US capitalism. So long as labour is treated as an expendable input to be minimized, any attempt to patch the system will only deepen systemic instability.

A paradigm shift would involve rebalancing the relationship between capital, labour, and consumers. Employers must be willing to pay wages that reflect not only market demand but also the cost of sustaining dignified living standards in the United States. Consumers, particularly those who have benefited most from globalization, must accept the discipline of paying more for goods and services produced under fair conditions. And policymakers must move beyond symbolic gestures to design structural reforms that address wage stagnation, invest in education, and reduce the skill mismatches that make US workers less competitive.

Without this deeper reorientation, policies will continue to treat symptoms rather than causes. Visa restrictions may temporarily slow the inflow of foreign workers, but companies will still seek cost arbitrage, either through outsourcing or automation. Workers will continue to feel displaced, and national security concerns about reliance on foreign expertise will persist.

Navigating a Post Pandemic Economy

The urgency of structural reform has become even clearer in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Global disruptions revealed that economic shocks are no longer exceptional, they are a constant feature of the modern economy. Businesses worldwide have had to strengthen risk management, diversify supply chains, and build resilience into operations, all of which have raised the baseline cost of doing business.

Within this context, measures such as the $100,000 visa fee risk compounding existing pressures on firms. While intended to prioritize American workers, such policies may instead accelerate the search for cheaper alternatives abroad or through automation. Over time, they may even undermine the resilience of the U.S. economy by restricting access to the global talent pool essential for innovation and growth.

Conclusion-Beyond Tinkering at the Edges

The American debate over foreign workers has been framed in terms of unfair competition and national security threats. But to frame the problem as “cheap migrant labour” is to confuse the symptom with the disease. The deeper crisis lies in the refusal of American capital to internalize the true costs of production and in the reluctance of consumers to support a sustainable domestic economy through higher prices.

Policies that focus narrowly on restricting visas or penalizing companies may offer short-term relief, but they risk long term damage, such as, demoralizing future generations of STEM workers, pushing firms abroad, and weakening U.S. competitiveness. A sustainable solution requires more than tinkering at the edges. It requires a systemic reorientation of values, where labour is no longer treated as expendable but recognized as central to national prosperity and security. Only through such a paradigm shift can the United States address the root of the problem and chart a path toward an equitable and resilient economic future.

Cheers.

ravivarmman@160022092025 3.0567° N, 101.5851° E

To Live or To Leave

 

Bunga Raya

(Pic from Garden)

I was reading an article written by Amarjeet Singh@AJ which was being circulated in the social media, entitled, “Malaysia: Country That Exports Its Best Minds…For Free”.  Amarjeet Singh’s words cut sharply at the truth of Malaysia’s predicament, yet I find myself pausing at his conclusion of “who stays behind.” The reality, I believe, is more textured. Beyond the categories of those too poor to leave and those too indoctrinated to question, there exists another generation, “my generation”,  who remain not out of helplessness nor blindness, but out of rootedness.

We are tied to this land not merely by circumstance, but by the invisible threads of memory, relationships, and belonging. I have walked these roads, raised a family here, shared laughter with friends under these skies. Why should I trade that for an alien soil, where even in my old age I might mow my own lawn in solitude, or stand at a checkout counter under the gaze of strangers wondering why I am in “their” country? Here, even if tormented at times, I stand with dignity, because this is the place where my footsteps mean something, and where the soil remembers who I am.

For us, pride is not only in national achievements but in the quiet knowledge that we have contributed, as carpenters, doctors, lawyers, labourers, or teachers, to the fabric of this society. That lived journey cannot be erased, nor can its worth be denied.

To the younger ones, I say, “go forth if you must”. The world is now borderless, and your stage is global. Relationships are no longer bound by proximity, they live on through digital threads and evolving norms of connection. Build your lives where you find meaning and carry your roots lightly yet proudly.

But let us also question whether the term “brain drain” still holds its old weight. In today’s multipolar, hyperconnected world, human talent is no longer confined to national ownership. Skills and intellect flow like rivers, crossing borders, reshaping economies, creating value wherever they are welcomed. What nations lose in exclusivity, they may still gain in networks, remittances, and global reach.

Thus, I see Malaysia’s tragedy not as one of “loss,” but of missed opportunity, of failing to create a home vast enough in spirit to hold its brightest minds while also embracing their outward journeys. For love of country, like love itself, cannot be commanded, it must be reciprocated.

Perhaps then, the true challenge is not to lament those who leave, nor to judge those who stay, but to ask, “how do we become a place where staying is not resignation, and leaving is not escape, but both are simply different expressions of the same love for home?”

Cheers.

ravivarmmankkanniappan@1029140920253.0567° N, 101.5851° E

The Symbol Beyond the Cloth: Reflections on the Nation’s Flag

 

Selamat Hari Merdeka

(Photo captured at Kelly's Castle, Perak)

Sundralingam one of the key general under Veerapandiya Kattabomman, defiantly hoisted Kattabomman’s flag at Panchalankuruchi, even as a fully armed British army surrounded them. This act was emblematic of their courage and spirit in the face of colonial aggression. Kattabomman was one of the last standing local Chieftain who fought against the invading British in Tamil Nadu, India (1799), where he was eventually defeated and hung to death.

In the 100 year war, Joan of Arch always carried a white flag which had the image of Christ and Fleur De Lis. She kept the flag aloft in the battle front to inspire and lift the spirits of the soldiers, making them conscious that they are guided by the divine power. According to records the flag did not fall and it is believed that its constant presence and reminder was instrumental in breaking the British siege in 1429.

During the Napoleonic war at the battle of Eylau (1807), French soldiers sacrificed their lives to prevent the Eagle (a symbol of the French flag) from falling into the Russian hands. Napoleon famously was quoted saying, “The Eagle is the soul of the regiment. To lose it is dishonour.”

Thus, has been the value attached to a piece of cloth called a flag. In the last 3 weeks Malaysian’s have been waking up to much noise on the topic, all because an individual accidentally waved the flag upside down. The incident took a turn into becoming a political championing by some quarters and the ugly racial card yet again became the source of the discontentment. But after the incident more photos and videos appeared in the social media about similar mistakes all over the country. So, is it endemic? I really do not know. But what is a bigger concern is the apathy that occurs every year after the National Day Celebration, where many of these handheld flags can be seen strewn all over. Fortunately, over the last few years several civil society organizations took it upon themselves to pick up these flags and dispose it appropriately.

The above observation on public apathy towards the nations flag can only mean one thing, that there are citizens of this country who do not see the nation’s flag beyond it being an identification of our country rather than understanding the deeper meaning of the flag and its significance to citizenry.

In his compelling work, “Ä Flag worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of National Symbol”, Tim Marshall reminds us that a flag, though but a fragment of cloth, carries within its fold the weight of the history, identity and ambition. It is less an object than a vessel, bearing the struggles, sacrifices, and hopes of generations. To those who gather beneath it, the flag becomes both a mirror and beacon. A mirror reflecting who they have been and a beacon guiding of who they strive to become.

That brings us to nationalist consciousness amongst Malaysians, because without strong foundation on historical past and the appreciation of the country’s constitution, eliciting nationalism would be almost impossible.

Based on the available information regarding Malaysia’s education curriculum structure found through online sources, currently in the Primary education, history takes up between 5% - 10%, and constitutional an independence related topic account for between 2% - 4%. Whereas in the secondary education the former represents 10% - 15% and the latter 4% - 7.5% (the estimates provided are indicative rather than definitive). This can be seen as a positive effort by the national education policy developers, but within the existing construct perhaps they can tweak it to provide a deeper and meaningful pedagogy so that every student would grow with national pride, reflecting on the sacrifices made by their forefathers in not only ensuring independence from the colonialists but also later towards nation building.

Malaysia is a nation built by the contribution of many. These contributions must be addressed meaningfully and should not be a mere mentioned in history books. 

For example, many do not know that the Tamil Chettiar community played a pivotal role in Malaya’s economy both before and after independence. Traditionally renowned as financiers and money lenders, they provided essential credit to planters and traders when formal banking was limited, thus enabling the growth of agriculture and commerce. Historically even before the Melaka Sultanate, the Chettiars, linked to Tamil merchant guilds, were part of South Indian trading network across Southeast Asia, financing maritime trade and bridging local economies with global commerce, embedding themselves deeply in regional economic history.

But as far as Malaysian history is concerned the focus on Indians is only mentioned as indentured labourers brought in to work in plantation. But these workers were the backbone that built and gave rise to the Malaysian economy, along with the Chinese labourers brought in to work in tin mines.

After 1957 the Chinese community became the driving force in Malaysian economic growth. Building on their strong presence in trade, mining, and commerce, they expanded into plantation, retail and later into manufacturing. Their entrepreneurship fuelled urban development, exports, and job creations, while investments in education nurtured skilled professionals across industries. By combining adaptability with enterprise, the Chinese community significantly shaped Malaysia’s modernization, making them indispensable pillar of the nation’s post-independence economy.

How many Malaysians know of Yeop Mahidin Mohammed Shariff, the father of the Askar Wataniah Pahang. A police officer by training, he went underground during the Japanese occupation, established a guerrilla resistance group, the Pahang Wataniah, to fight against the Japanese. He risked his life sabotaging Japanese missions and collected intelligence for the Allied forces. Lived in jungle, constantly under threat, to protect his people and his homeland. Yeop Mahidin’s courage and selflessness symbolised patriotic sacrifice in Malaya’s struggle for freedom.

Whilst appreciating past legacies that built the country students should also be inculcated with being aware of their accountability within the framework of the nation’s constitution.

A constitution is not merely a legal document but the soul of a nation it’s a covenant that binds people across generations. To be a citizen then is to be entrusted with its guardianship. Accountability does not merely mean obeying the law but honouring the spirit of justice, freedom, and equality it enshrines. One must exercise rights with humility, balance liberty with responsibility and engage in shared work of democracy. To neglect the constitution is to neglect the moral compass of the nation. Therefore, every citizen bears a sacred duty to keep alive the promise of the constitution through thought, word and deed.

Merely raising the flag during school assembly and waiving the flag during Independence Day, without deeper understanding of its significance, is like reciting a poem in a language that one does not know.

We must correct the root of this apathy rather than trying to deal with the symptom.

The nation has come a long way, no turning back, instead we must invest in mind and action ever evolving to become a living testament of wisdom and justice. Where progress is not only measured in material wealth, but in the depth of our compassion, the strength of our unity, and the courage to shape a future worthy of those yet unborn.

SELAMAT HARI MERDEKA

Cheers.  

ravivarmmankkanniappan@1500250820253.1491° N, 101.6534° E

 

Children With Their Innovation Learning Via their Phone

(A pic taken at Prayagraj January 2025)

"How can a man die better

Than facing fearful odds,

For the ashes of his fathers,

And the temples of his Gods?"

A couplet from "Horatius), a poem in "Lays of Ancent Rome" (1842) by Thomas Babington Macaulay.

The above is inscribed on the Rezang La War Memorial erected on the Chushul Plains, at an altitude of over 4,500 metres right on the Indo-China Line of Actual Control, in remembering the 120 Indian soldiers who stood against 5000 China Peoples liberation Army.

“In India's modern military history, only a few battles rival the raw courage shown by Indian soldiers at Rezang La, a mountain pass in eastern Ladakh. In the battle in November 1962, just 120 soldiers of Charlie Company of the 13 Kumaon Regiment of the Indian Army stood in temperatures of up to -40 degrees Celsius, blocking the path of an invading 5,000 force of the PLA”- (August 8, 2025, India Today Online)

Their defiance stalled the advance, though only 10 survived to recount the heroism. That battle symbolized an India defined by grit and sacrifice. Six decades on, the nation’s trajectory has shifted. Today, India increasingly wields soft power, through technology, innovation, and diplomacy. This transformation appears less a calculated strategy than a natural evolution, reflecting how India seeks influence in the world without diminishing the memory of its martial past.

The unease Donald Trump, and segments of the American right, may feel about the rise of Indian executives in corporate America is revealing. It is not merely a question of immigration or economics but it speaks to a deeper anxiety about shifting centres of influence. Right-wing populism has historically associated such transitions with the erosion of national identity and the destabilization of traditional hierarchies. For a political figure often accused of authoritarian leanings, the growing visibility of Indian leaders in the commanding heights of U.S. business represents not just competition but a perceived loss of control over the symbolic levers of power.

This anxiety becomes clearer when set against the historical backdrop of how power has operated. Rarely has true authority been exercised in the open. In medieval Europe, the Vatican shaped political order from behind the curtain of religion. Later, financial elites, industrial magnates, and media conglomerates became the shadow brokers of influence. Today, that mantle appears to be shifting again, towards global technology corporations, financial platforms, and transnational professional networks. What distinguishes the present moment is the outsized role played by Indian talent in this transformation.

The list of Indian-born or Indian-origin CEOs at America’s most powerful firms, the likes of Satya Nadella at Microsoft, Sundar Pichai at Alphabet, Arvind Krishna at IBM, and many others, just illustrates more than individual success stories. It reflects the structural realignment of global talent flows, where the Indian diaspora has become a pivotal node in the knowledge economy. Their leadership represents both the globalization of corporate America and the erosion of old boundaries that once defined who could or should wield influence at the top.

For established power bases, this moment is profoundly unsettling. Unlike the past, where influence could be traced to clear institutions or domestic elites, today’s digital and transnational order is fluid. Authority is dispersed across networks that do not map neatly onto national borders. The traditional walls that elites once leaned on for security are slippery, unstable, and constantly shifting. Betting on a “right horse”, be it a nation, an industry, or a leader, has never been more uncertain.

This explains the disquiet in populist and nationalist circles. India’s rise in corporate America does not simply represent success for a diaspora community but it underscores the broader disintegration of familiar power structures. In a digital, globalized era, the very architecture of power is being rewritten, and those who once claimed ownership of it are struggling to keep their footing.

The uncertainty is not merely economic or political but structural, signalling a transition in how power is organized and exercised in the 21st century. For established powers, this may well be the most disorienting period in recent history, one where the old playbook of control no longer guarantees outcomes.

Cheers.

ravivarmmankkanniappan@1103160820253.0567° N, 101.5851° E

CHETTINAD MUTTON UPPU CURRY

 

GRAND FINALE

It was my son in law Kuga's birthday, and I only realised a day later. Nevertheless called him to wish a belated birthday greeting. At the same time wanted to try Chef Shankar Santhiram's Chettinad Mutton Uppu Curry for sometime, hence invited Kuga and Dhivyaa for lunch to experiment the mutton curry in celebrating Kuga's Birthday..

The Ingredient

I thought this recipe had the most hassle free ingredients. Mutton, of course, small onions (shallots), chopped onions, Gingerly oil, chopped tomatoes, cinnamon sticks, gundu milagai (dried round chillies), and garlic (it is missing in pic but it also had a twist during cooking).

I kept the cooking process very close to Chef Shankar's. Firstly pour about 400ml of gingerly oil in the wok and let it heat. Add gundu milagai, and when it gives out the aroma, add chopped garlic (which I forgot), instead I transferred the shallots and later the chopped onions. Allow the chopped onions to lightly turn colour, then add cinnamon sticks, and stir for a while. Then add the chopped tomaotes and sprinkle one or two tea spoon of tumeric powder. Mind you I am only cooking about one and a half kilo of meat. Then add salt and allow it to blend well.

The Blended Ingredient

Finally add the mutton and stir well and allow the blended ingredient to seep through the mutton. Allow the mutton to cook for half an hour or so. By the way I have not added any amount of water at all, and you don't have to too.

Mutton and Added

Stir periodically, and allow the mutton and the ingredients to blend well. Actually the juice from the mutton would add to the flavour and would keep the moist for cooking intact. Close the lid and allow it to cook for 30 minutes. Then continuously stir from time to time. Since I did not preasure cook the mutton, the meat needed a good one hour or so on the fire to get it cooked well. By the way I forgot about the garlic which I blended and was still in blender, so what I did was I added it later as the meat was cooking. In actual fact the Garlic should go right after the gundu milagai. Also I added potatoes too, just to give body to the curry.

The Final Product

I stirred allowing the meat to cook and blend with juice and gingerly oil till the entire curry became dry, and after an hour and half of toil, voila the Chettinad Mutton Uppu Curry was ready.

With Greeja's saffron rice with ghee, the uppu curry went extremely well, downed with Indian Sherbet. I guess we made the day for the birthday boy.  

Thank you Chef Shankar for this great recipe.

ravivarmmankkanniappan@1619090820253.0567° N, 101.5851° E

The KEEZHADI Dilemma

 

The KEEZHADI Dilemma

Sa Ra Va Na Ba Va 

(Damizhi Script)

The reason buzz in the Indian archaeology and political circle was the discovery of an early civilization predating/contemporary to the Indus Valley Civilization. The excavations at Keezhadi (13 km from the city of Madurai), part of the emerging Vaigai Valley Civilization (VVC) in Tamil Nadu, have sparked a foundational shift in how we understand the origins and development of Indian civilization. Dating from as early as 6th century BCE, with some evidence potentially indicating earlier cultural continuity, Keezhadi appears to reflect an urbanized, literate society with a high degree of socio-economic complexity. This timeline places the VVC not only contemporaneous with the later phases of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) but raises the possibility of an even earlier or parallel development trajectory in the Indian subcontinent's south.

This revelation challenges the long-standing narrative that civilizational impulses originated in the northwest (IVC), migrated to the Gangetic plains, and eventually disseminated to peninsular India. That linear diffusion model which rooted in colonial historiography has deeply influenced academic discourse, school curricula, and popular imagination in India. Keezhadi disrupts this by suggesting that South India may have developed urban, literate settlements independently, potentially even predating the so-called Vedic or Aryan movements into the subcontinent.

The Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT), popularized by 19th-century philologists like Max Müller, held that Indo-European-speaking "Aryans" invaded and supplanted the existing Dravidian culture in India. This narrative, while originally shaped by colonial race theory, became institutionalized in Indian academic and political thought, especially post-independence. However, modern genome research and archaeological analysis have largely debunked this theory.

Genetic studies, including the landmark 2019 paper by Narasimhan et al. published in Science, indicate multiple waves of migrations into South Asia, but no evidence of a large-scale, violent invasion. (“The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia,” was published in the journal Science, specifically in Science 365 (issue 6457): eaat7487, with the publication date being September 5, 2019). Instead, the data suggest gradual admixture over centuries, with a strong genetic continuity in southern populations.

Archaeologists such as B.B. Lal and more recently Michel Danino and Tony Joseph have highlighted the lack of material evidence, as no destruction layers nor abrupt cultural disruptions are evident to support the traditional invasion narrative. This leaves us with a more nuanced understanding that Indo-European speakers may have migrated into the subcontinent, but they did not bring civilization to a blank slate. Where cultures like the Sangam-era settlements, as evidenced by Keezhadi, were already flourishing then.

Historically, the British utilized the AIT to justify colonial domination, by portraying themselves as "later Aryans" bringing order to a fragmented native population. Post-independence, dominant political narratives, largely shaped by the northern elite, continued to favor Gangetic-centric histories, emphasizing Vedic traditions and Sanskritic heritage as civilizational benchmarks.

Against this backdrop, the implications of Keezhadi were understandably contentious. Reports emerged that the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), under central oversight, allegedly pressured field officers to modify or delay findings that could challenge the existing paradigm. The officer who initially led the excavation, K. Amarnath Ramakrishna, was transferred, sparking criticism from academic and civil society circles.

Sensing both cultural significance and political opportunity, the Tamil Nadu government, led by the DMK, stepped in to continue the excavations through the State Department of Archaeology, rebranding the site as emblematic of Tamil antiquity and Dravidian heritage. While critics argue that this move was politically motivated, to bolster regional identity and claim historical primacy, it nonetheless ensured the continuity of a major excavation that could reshape Indian historiography.

Regardless of political motivations, the discoveries at Keezhadi, and in the broader Vaigai Valley region, are forcing a re-evaluation of long-standing assumptions that urbanization and literacy in South India appear to have developed independently of Aryan or Vedic influence. Tamil-Brahmi script found at Keezhadi shows evidence of early literacy in Tamil, aligning with classical Sangam literature references, which themselves suggest a rich cultural and political history.

The sheer sophistication of the artifacts, such as brick structures, industrial-scale pottery, and evidence of trade, mirrors features found in mature Harappan sites, suggesting South India was not peripheral but central to India’s civilizational arc.

Keezhadi does more than just elevate Tamil Nadu’s historical status, it opens the door to a pluralistic, multi-origin view of Indian civilization, one that moves beyond the binaries of Aryan vs Dravidian or North vs South. This shift is essential not only for academic accuracy but for national integrity, allowing every region to see itself not as a recipient of history, but as a contributor to it.

To fully embrace the implications of Keezhadi, India must decentralize historical narratives, support independent and transparent archaeological research, and allow evidence, not ideology, to shape its understanding of the past.

ravivarmmankkanniappan@155912072025 2.7278° N, 101.9454° E